A supramolecular approach for converting renewable biomass into functional materials.

The rational transformation and utilization of biomass have attracted increasing attention because of its high importance in sustainable development and green economy. In this study, we used a supramolecular approach to convert biomass into functional materials. Six biomass raw materials with distinct chemical structures and physical properties were copolymerized with thioctic acid (TA) to afford poly[TA-biomass]s. The solvent-free copolymerization leads to the convenient and quantitative fabrication of biomass-based versatile materials. The non-covalent bonding and reversible solid-liquid transitions in poly[TA-biomass]s endow them with diversified features, including thermal processability, 3D printing, wet and dry adhesion, recyclability, impact resistance, and antimicrobial activity. Benefiting from their good biocompatibility and nontoxicity, these biomass-based materials are promising candidates for biological applications.

Periplaneta americana extract promotes hard palate mucosal wound healing via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in male mice.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Periplaneta americana extract, a traditional Chinese medicine, on hard palate mucosal wound healing and explore the underlying mechanisms. DESIGN: Hard palate mucosal wound model was established and the effects of Periplaneta americana extract on hard palate mucosal wound healing were investigated by stereomicroscopy observation and histological evaluation in vivo. Human oral keratinocytes and human gingival fibroblasts, which play key roles in hard palate mucosal wound healing, were selected as the main research cells in vitro. The effects of Periplaneta americana extract on cell proliferation, migration, and collagen formation were determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Transwell assay, and Van Gieson staining. The underlying mechanism was revealed by RNA sequencing, and results were verified by western blot assay. RESULTS: Stereomicroscopy observation and H&E staining confirmed that Periplaneta americana extract accelerated the healing rate of hard palate mucosal wound (p < 0.001) in vivo. Transwell assay and Van Gieson staining assay showed that Periplaneta americana extract promoted the migration and collagen formation of human oral keratinocytes (p < 0.001) and human gingival fibroblasts (p < 0.001) in vitro. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and western blot assay demonstrated that Periplaneta americana extract promoted hard palate mucosal wound healing via PI3K/AKT signaling, and the beneficial effects of Periplaneta americana extract were abrogated by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: Periplaneta americana extract shows promising effects for the promotion of hard palate mucosal wound healing and may be a novel candidate for clinical translation.

Host-Guest-Interaction Enhanced Nitric Oxide Photo-Generation within a Pillar[5]arene Cavity for Antibacterial Gas Therapy.

Supramolecular macrocycles with intrinsic cavities have been widely explored as containers to fabricate versatile functional materials via specific host-guest recognitions. However, relatively few studies have focused on the modulation of guest reactivity within a macrocyclic cavity. Here, we demonstrate the confinement effect of pillar[5]arene with an electron-rich and precise cavity that can dramatically enhance guest photoactivity and nitric oxide (NO) generation upon visible light irradiation. Mechanism studies reveal that it is achieved through increasing the ground state nitro-aromatic torsion angle, suppressing the intersystem crossing relaxation path of the S1 state, and accelerating the isomerization reaction path of guest molecules. This NO-generating system displays broad-spectrum antibacterial, biofilm inhibition, and dispersal activities. Moreover, it can accelerate the healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds in vivo.

Shape Memory Polyester Scaffold Promotes Bone Defect Repair through Enhanced Osteogenic Ability and Mechanical Stability.

Bone tissue engineering involving scaffolds is recognized as the ideal approach for bone defect repair. However, scaffold materials exhibit several limitations, such as low bioactivity, less osseointegration, and poor processability, for developing bone tissue engineering. Herein, a bioactive and shape memory bone scaffold was fabricated using the biodegradable polyester copolymer's four-dimensional fused deposition modeling. The poly(ε-caprolactone) segment with a transition temperature near body temperature was selected as the molecular switch to realize the shape memory effect. Another copolymer segment, i.e., poly(propylene fumarate), was introduced for post-cross-linking and improving the regulation effect of the resulting bioadaptable scaffold on osteogenesis. To mimic the porous structures and mechanical properties of the native spongy bone, the pore size of the printed scaffold was set as ∼300 µm, and a comparable compression modulus was achieved after photo-cross-linking. Compared with the pristine poly(ε-caprolactone), the scaffold made from fumarate-functionalized copolymer considerably enhanced the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. In vivo experiments indicated that the bioactive shape memory scaffold could quickly adapt to the defect geometry during implantation via shape change, and bone regeneration at the defect site was remarkably promoted, providing a promising strategy to treat bone defects in the clinic, substantial bone defects with irregular geometry.

Functionalized Virus Nanoparticles Alleviates Osteoporosis via Targeting the Function of RANK-Specific Motifs.

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by excessive osteoclast-induced bone loss. RANKL/RANK signaling pathway is essential for osteoclastogenesis and is a key target for osteoporosis. However, regarding the fact that RANKL/RANK also functions beyond bone, the total block of RANKL/RANK will have unwanted impact on other organs. Our previous study revealed that mutation of RANK-specific motifs inhibited osteoclastogenesis without effects on other organs in mice. However, the instability and low cellular uptake efficiency limited the application of the therapeutic peptide originating from the amino acid sequence of RANK-specific motifs (RM). To this end, in this study, the peptide RM (SRPVQEQGGA (C to N terminal)) was chemically modified onto the surface of the plant virus-based nanoparticles cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). Subsequent experiments showed that the novel virus nanoparticles RM-CCMV had excellent biocompatibility and stability, which ultimately facilitated its cellular uptake efficiency and improved its inhibitive effects on osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, RM-CCMV achieved bone enrichment and suppressed bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and improving the parameters of bone histomorphology in murine femurs. To be mentioned, the effective dose of CCMV conjugated RM was only 6.25% of free RM. In summary, these results have provided a promising therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.

Engineered Plant Virus Complexes with a RANK Motif Modulator and Bone Targeting for Osteoporosis Treatment.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by excessive osteoclastic bone resorption and impaired osteoblastic bone formation. Traditional delivery of antiresorptive drugs lacks a specific biodistribution in the body and may cause adverse effects to the patients. In this study, the peptide BTRM is first synthesized consisting of the bone-targeting peptide Asp8 (BT) and the peptide derived from the amino acid sequences of RANK Motif2/3 (RM), two cytoplasmic RANK motifs (PVQEET560-565 and PVQEQG604-609) that have been reported to play an important role in osteoclastogenesis. Then, BTRM is conjugated on the plant virus-like nanoparticles (VNPs) obtained from cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses (CCMVs), forming the engineered plant viruses BTRM-VNPs. In vitro experiments demonstrate that BTRM-VNPs can effectively and safely inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function. Moreover, after injection into ovariectomized mice, BTRM-VNPs show excellent capability to target bone tissue and improve osteoporotic bone loss. Collectively, the findings may provide a novel and promising strategy in the treatment of osteoporotic defects via targeting bone tissue and regulating the function of RANK Motif2/3.

Multivalent non-covalent interactions lead to strongest polymer adhesion.

Multivalent interactions play a leading role in biological processes such as the inhibition of inflammation or virus internalization. The multivalent interactions show enhanced strength and better selectivity compared to monovalent interactions, but they are much less understood due to their complexity. Here, we detect molecular interactions in the range of a few piconewtons to several nanonewtons and correlate them with the formation and subsequent breaking of one or several bonds and assign these bonds. This becomes possible by performing atomic force microcopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy of a multifunctional polymer covalently attached to an AFM cantilever tip on a substrate bound polymer layer of the multifunctional polymer. Varying the pH value and the crosslinking state of the polymer layer, we find that bonds of intermediate strength (non-covalent), like coordination bonds, give the highest multivalent bond strength, even outperforming strong (covalent) bonds. At the same time, covalent bonds enhance the polymer layer density, increasing in particular the number of non-covalent bonds. In summary, we can show that the key for the design of stable and durable polymer coatings is to provide a variety of multivalent interactions and to keep the number of non-covalent interactions at a high level.

Chemically defined stem cell microniche engineering by microfluidics compatible with iPSCs' growth in 3D culture.

The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) has opened unprecedented opportunities for biomedical applications, but poorly defined animal-derived matrices yield cells with limited therapeutic value. Considerable challenges remain in improving cell-culturing approaches to create the conditions for iPSCs' reliable expansion. Herein we report the development of a chemically defined, artificial three-dimensional (3D) microniche for iPSCs' growth and reliable expansion, constructed with degradable polyethyleneglycol-co-polycaprolactone and RGDfk-functionalized dendritic polyglycerol precursors according to bioorthogonal strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition by droplet-based microfluidics. This compatible microniche can allow for the robust production of iPSCs that maintain high pluripotency expression and excellent viability without pathogen or immunogen transfer risks. This microniche technology shows great promise in enabling iPSCs to achieve their full therapeutic potential.

"Raspberry" Hierarchical Topographic Features Regulate Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion and Differentiation via Enhanced Mechanosensing.

An understanding of cellular mechanoresponses to well-defined synthetic topographic features is crucial for the fundamental research and biomedical applications of stem cells. Structured biointerfaces, in particular the ones with nanometer and/or micrometer surficial features, have drawn more attention in the past few decades. However, it is still difficult to integrate nanostructures and microstructures onto the synthesized biointerfaces to mimic the hierarchical architecture of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein, a series of "raspberry"-like hierarchical surfaces with well-defined nanofeatures and tunable nano/microfeatures have been achieved via a catecholic polymer coating technique. Cellular responses to these hierarchical interfaces were systemically studied, indicating that the nanofeatures on the raspberry surfaces significantly enhanced the mechanosensing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to interfacial physical cues. Cell mechanotransduction was further investigated by analyzing focal adhesion assembling, cytoskeleton organization, cell nuclear mechanics, and transcriptional activity. The results suggest that nanosize surficial features could increase cellular mechanosensing to environment physical cues. The mechanotransduction and cell fate specification were greatly enhanced by the ECM mimicking nano/microhierarchical biointerfaces but the features should be in an optimized size.

Hydrophobicity of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanes: Fluorination, Density, Roughness, and Lennard-Jones Cutoffs.

The interplay of fluorination and structure of alkane self-assembled monolayers and how these affect hydrophobicity are explored via molecular dynamics simulations, contact angle goniometry, and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. Wetting coefficients are found to grow linearly in the monolayer density for both alkane and perfluoroalkane monolayers. The larger contact angles of monolayers of perfluorinated alkanes are shown to be primarily caused by their larger molecular volume, which leads to a larger nearest-neighbor grafting distance and smaller tilt angle. Increasing the Lennard-Jones force cutoff in simulations is found to increase hydrophilicity. Specifically, wetting coefficients scale like the inverse square of the cutoff, and when extrapolated to the infinite cutoff limit, they yield contact angles that compare favorably to experimental values. Nanoscale roughness is also found to reliably increase monolayer hydrophobicity, mostly via the reduction of the entropic part of the work of adhesion. Analysis of depletion lengths shows that droplets on nanorough surfaces partially penetrate the surface, intermediate between Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter states.

Well-Defined Nanostructured Biointerfaces: Strengthened Cellular Interaction for Circulating Tumor Cells Isolation.

The topographic features at the cell-material biointerface are critical for cellular sensing of the extracellular environment (ECM) and have gradually been recognized as key factors that regulate cell adhesion behavior. Herein, a well-defined nanostructured biointerface is fabricated via a new generation of mussel-inspired polymer coating to mimic the native ECM structures. Upon the bioinert background presence and biospecific ligands conjugation, the affinity of cancer cells to the resulting biofunctional surfaces, which integrate topographic features and biochemical cues, is greatly strengthened. Both the conjugated bioligand density, filopodia formation, and focal adhesion expression are significantly enhanced by the surficial nano-features with an optimized size-scale. Thus, this nanostructured biointerface exhibits high capture efficiency for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with high sensitivity, high biospecificity, and high purity. Benefiting from the unique bioligands conjugation chemistry herein, the captured cancer cells can be responsively detached from the biointerfaces without damage for downstream analysis. The present biofunctional nanostructured interfaces offer a good solution to address current challenges to efficiently isolate rare CTCs from blood samples for earlier cancer diagnosis.

Controllable ligand spacing stimulates cellular mechanotransduction and promotes stem cell osteogenic differentiation on soft hydrogels.

Hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties have provided a tremendous opportunity to regulate stem cell differentiation. Hydrogels with osteoid (about 30-40 kPa) or higher stiffness are usually required to induce the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It is yet difficult to achieve the same differentiation on very soft hydrogels, because of low environmental mechanical stimuli and restricted cellular mechanotransduction. Here, we modulate cellular spatial sensing of integrin-adhesive ligands via quasi-hexagonally arranged nanopatterns to promote cell mechanosensing on hydrogels having low stiffness (about 3 kPa). The increased interligand spacing has been shown to regulate actomyosin force loading to recruit extra integrins on soft hydrogels. It therefore activates mechanotransduction and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on soft hydrogels to the level comparable with the one observed on osteoid stiffness. Our work opens up new possibilities for the design of biomaterials and tissue scaffolds for regenerative therapeutics.

Self-Strengthening Adhesive Force Promotes Cell Mechanotransduction.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes dynamic remodeling and progressive stiffening during tissue regeneration and disease progression. However, most of the artificial ECMs and in vitro disease models are mechanically static. Here, a self-strengthening polymer coating mimicking the dynamic nature of native ECM is designed to study the cellular response to dynamic biophysical cues and promote cell mechanical sensitive response. Spiropyran (SP) is utilized as dynamic anchor group to regulate the strength of cell adhesive peptide ligands. Benefiting from spontaneous thermal merocyanine-to-spiropyran (MC-SP) isomerization, the resulting self-responsive coating displays dynamic self-strengthening of interfacial interactions. Comparing with the static and all of the previous dynamic artificial ECMs, cells on this self-responsive surface remodel the weakly bonded MC-based coatings to activate α5ß1 integrin and Rac signaling in the early adhesion stage. The subsequent MC-to-SP conversion strengthens the ligand-integrin interaction to further activate αvß3 integrin and RhoA/ROCK signaling in the latter stage. This sequential process enhances cellular mechanotransduction as well as the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It is worth emphasizing that the self-strengthening occurs spontaneously in the absence of any stimulus, making it especially useful for implanted scaffolds in regenerative medicine.

Ligand Diffusion Enables Force-Independent Cell Adhesion via Activating α5ß1 Integrin and Initiating Rac and RhoA Signaling.

Cells reside in a dynamic microenvironment in which adhesive ligand availability, density, and diffusivity are key factors regulating cellular behavior. Here, the cellular response to integrin-binding ligand dynamics by directly controlling ligand diffusivity via tunable ligand-surface interactions is investigated. Interestingly, cell spread on the surfaces with fast ligand diffusion is independent of myosin-based force generation. Fast ligand diffusion enhances α5ß1 but not αvß3 integrin activation and initiates Rac and RhoA but not ROCK signaling, resulting in lamellipodium-based fast cell spreading. Meanwhile, on surfaces with immobile ligands, αvß3 and α5ß1 integrins synergistically initiate intracellular-force-based canonical mechanotransduction pathways to enhance cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. These results indicate the presence of heretofore-unrecognized pathways, distinct from canonical actomyosin-driven mechanisms, that are capable of promoting cell adhesion.

Surface Roughness Gradients Reveal Topography-Specific Mechanosensitive Responses in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The topographic features of an implant, which mechanically regulate cell behaviors and functions, are critical for the clinical success in tissue regeneration. How cells sense and respond to the topographical cues, e.g., interfacial roughness, is yet to be fully understood and even debatable. Here, the mechanotransduction and fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on surface roughness gradients are systematically studied. The broad range of topographical scales and high-throughput imaging is achieved based on a catecholic polyglycerol coating fabricated by a one-step-tilted dip-coating approach. It is revealed that the adhesion of MSCs is biphasically regulated by interfacial roughness. The cell mechanotransduction is investigated from focal adhesion to transcriptional activity, which explains that cellular response to interfacial roughness undergoes a direct force-dependent mechanism. Moreover, the optimized roughness for promoting cell fate specification is explored.

Surface Roughness and Substrate Stiffness Synergize To Drive Cellular Mechanoresponse.

Material surface topographic features have been shown to be crucial for tissue regeneration and surface treatment of implanted devices. Many biomaterials were investigated with respect to the response of cells on surface roughness. However, some conclusions even conflicted with each other due to the unclear interplay of surface topographic features and substrate elastic features as well as the lack of mechanistic studies. Herein, wide-scale surface roughness gradient hydrogels, integrating the surface roughness from nanoscale to microscale with controllable stiffness, were developed via soft lithography with precise surface morphology. Based on this promising platform, we systematically studied the mechanosensitive response of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a broad range of roughnesses (200 nm to 1.2 µm for Rq) and different substrate stiffnesses. We observed that MSCs responded to surface roughness in a stiffness-dependent manner by reorganizing the surface hierarchical structure. Surprisingly, the cellular mechanoresponse and osteogenesis were obviously enhanced on very soft hydrogels (3.8 kPa) with high surface roughness, which was comparable to or even better than that on smooth stiff substrates. These findings extend our understanding of the interactions between cells and biomaterials, highlighting an effective noninvasive approach to regulate stem cell fate via synergetic physical cues.

Photoregulating Antifouling and Bioadhesion Functional Coating Surface Based on Spiropyran.

Dynamic regulation of the interactions between specific molecules on functional surfaces and biomolecules, for example, proteins or cells, is critical for biosensor and biomedical devices. Herein, we present a spiropyran (SP)-based light-responsive surface coating, hPG (hyperbranched polyglycerol)-SP, to control the adsorption of proteins and adhesion of cells. In the normal state, the SP groups on the coating surface were in hydrophobic ring-closed form, which promotes the nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Under UV irradiation, the grafted SP groups were dynamically isomerized into hydrophilic/zwitterionic merocyanine. Both hydrophilicity and zwitterions support the formation of a hydrated layer and hence the resulting hPG-MC coatings highly resist protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Moreover, the presented hPG also provided a robust bioinert background to suppress the nonspecific protein adsorption and cells adhesion. Therefore, this functionalized coating exhibited a good photoregulated antifouling behavior. Moreover, the detachment of adsorbed proteins and adhered cells from the coating surface was also realized.

High-Antifouling Polymer Brush Coatings on Nonpolar Surfaces via Adsorption-Cross-Linking Strategy.

A new "adsorption-cross-linking" technology is presented to generate a highly dense polymer brush coating on various nonpolar substrates, including the most inert and low-energy surfaces of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene). This prospective surface modification strategy is based on a tailored bifunctional amphiphilic block copolymer with benzophenone units as the hydrophobic anchor/chemical cross-linker and terminal azide groups for in situ postmodification. The resulting polymer brushes exhibited long-term and ultralow protein adsorption and cell adhesion benefiting from the high density and high hydration ability of polyglycerol blocks. The presented antifouling brushes provided a highly stable and robust bioinert background for biospecific adsorption of desired proteins and bacteria after secondary modification with bioactive ligands, e.g., mannose for selective ConA and Escherichia coli binding.

Bioinspired Universal Monolayer Coatings by Combining Concepts from Blood Protein Adsorption and Mussel Adhesion.

Despite the increasing need for universal polymer coating strategies, only a few approaches have been successfully developed, and most of them are suffering from color, high thickness, or high roughness. In this paper, we present for the first time a universal monolayer coating that is only a few nanometers thick and independent of the composition, size, shape, and structure of the substrate. The coating is based on a bioinspired synthetic amphiphilic block copolymer that combines two concepts from blood protein adsorption and mussel adhesion. This polymer can be rapidly tethered on various substrates including both planar surfaces and nanosystems with high grafting density. The resulting monolayer coatings are, on the one hand, inert to the adsorption of multiple polymer layers and prevent biofouling. On the other hand, they are chemically active for secondary functionalization and provide a new platform for selective material surface modification.